Vegetarians have a higher water content in their stools. Those who consume less fiber and more protein have lower water content. Fibre has a high water-carrying ability and makes our stools bulkier, increases the frequency of bowel movements, and makes the process of passing bowel motions easier.
Read more: Health Check: what your pee and poo color says about your health.
The other 25% of feces is made up of solids, which are mainly organic (relating to living matter) materials. A small proportion of solids is made up of inorganic materials such as calcium and iron phosphate, as well as dried constituents of digestive juices.
Around 25-54% of the organic material is made up of microbes (dead and living), such as bacteria and viruses.
Our poo is teeming with microbes, most of them alive. www.shutterstock.com
Microbes
Bacteria in feces have been extensively studied. It’s estimated there are nearly 100 billion bacteria per gram of wet stool.
One study that looked at a collection of fresh stools in oxygen-free conditions (as oxygen can damage certain types of bacteria) found almost 50% of the bacteria were alive.
The different types of bacteria present in feces can influence how hard or loose stool samples can be. For example, Prevotella bacteria, which can be found in the mouth, vagina, and gut, are more commonly seen in those with soft stools. In fact, a high-fiber diet is strongly associated with these bacteria.
Ruminococcaceae bacteria, which are common gut microbes that break down complex carbohydrates, favor harder stools.
Viruses have been less studied than bacteria as components of the gut microbiota – the population of bacteria and viruses that live in our gut. It is estimated there are 100 million to 1 billion viruses per gram of wet feces in most of us.
This number can change considerably when people become sick with viral gastroenteritis, such as in norovirus infections, where levels of more than a trillion viruses per gram of stool can be found.
What is the human microbiome?
Certain types of viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages, have been linked to diseases of the gut like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Read more: So you think you have IBS, coeliac disease, or Crohn’s? Here’s what it might mean for you.
Archaea are bacteria-like microbes that can inhabit some of the most extreme environments on Earth, such as hot springs, deep sea vents, or extremely acidic waters. Archaea that produce methane are known to live in the human gut and account for around 10% of non-oxygen-dependent microbes.
Such methane-producing archaea like Methanobrevibacter are associated with harder stools and constipation, as methane can slow down intestinal movement. It is believed there are around 100 million archaea per gram of wet feces.
Single-celled fungi (yeasts) are present in the gut of about 70% of healthy adults. They occur in estimated concentrations of up to a million microorganisms per gram of wet feces but comprise only a small proportion (0.03%) of all microbes.
Other organic material
Some of the organic material includes carbohydrates or any other undigested plant matter, protein, and undigested fats. Feces do not contain large quantities of carbohydrates, as the majority of what we eat is absorbed. However, unprocessed amounts remain as dietary fiber.
Our feces don’t contain a large proportion of carbohydrates, as most are absorbed in the body. from shutterstock.com
Some 2-25% of organic matter in feces is due to nitrogen-containing substances such as undigested dietary protein and protein from bacteria and cells lining the colon that have been shed.
Fats contribute 2-15% of the organic material in our feces. The amount of fat excreted into our stools is highly dependent on dietary intake. Even with no fat intake, though, we do get some excretion of fat into our feces. Fat in feces can come from bacteria in the form of short-chain fatty acids when they ferment foods, in addition to undigested dietary fat.
Plastic particles
A recent study has found that microscopic plastic particles can appear in our feces when we drink from plastic bottles or eat foods that have been wrapped in plastic.
This small study of eight participants who were exposed to plastics in their food and drink identified up to nine different types of plastics in their stools. However, we need larger studies and additional analytical research to understand the clinical significance of this.
Poo is different in disease.
Not everyone’s poo is going to be the same. Diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease can lead to changes in the type of bacteria in our gut and result in raised inflammatory proteins that can be detected in our stool.
The presence of blood in the stool could signal bowel cancer, though this isn’t always the case. Fortunately, there is a good screening test that can pick up the presence of trace blood in the stools and lead to further investigations, such as a colonoscopy.
